Initial linpeas output proved to be interesting since I was able to identify multiple vulnerabilites. One exploiting $PATH and another using the command cp since it has SUID set.
This article here explained it really well but basically we create our own root user and we add his profile to the passwd file and we overwrite it with cp.
Steps
Copy the contents of the /etc/passwd file to a file of our own.
[benjamin@dibble tmp]$ cat /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin
ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin
nobody:x:65534:65534:Kernel Overflow User:/:/sbin/nologin
systemd-coredump:x:999:997:systemd Core Dumper:/:/sbin/nologin
systemd-network:x:192:192:systemd Network Management:/:/sbin/nologin
systemd-resolve:x:193:193:systemd Resolver:/:/sbin/nologin
systemd-timesync:x:998:996:systemd Time Synchronization:/:/sbin/nologin
dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin
tss:x:59:59:Account used by the trousers package to sandbox the tcsd daemon:/dev/null:/sbin/nologin
unbound:x:997:994:Unbound DNS resolver:/etc/unbound:/sbin/nologin
sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin
chrony:x:996:993::/var/lib/chrony:/sbin/nologin
benjamin:x:1000:1000::/home/benjamin:/bin/bash
mongod:x:995:992:mongod:/var/lib/mongo:/bin/false
apache:x:48:48:Apache:/usr/share/httpd:/sbin/nologin
nginx:x:994:991:Nginx web server:/var/lib/nginx:/sbin/nologin
